登陆注册
4810500000064

第64章

The commodity-supply must be of a certain volume in order to satisfy the demand during a given period. A continual extension of the circle of buyers is counted upon. For instance, in order to last for one day, a part of the commodities in the market must constantly remain in the commodity-form while the remainder is fluent, turns into money. True, the part which stagnates while the rest is fluent decreases steadily, just as the size of the supply itself decreases until it is all sold. The stagnation of commodities thus counts as a requisite condition of their sale. The volume must furthermore be larger than the average sale or the average demand. Otherwise the excess over these averages could not be satisfied. On the other hand the supply must constantly be renewed, because it is constantly being drawn on. This renewal cannot come from anywhere in the last instance except from production, from a supply of commodities. It is immaterial whether this comes from abroad or not. The renewal depends on the periods required by the commodities for their reproduction. The commodity-supply must last all the time. The fact that it does not remain in the hands of the original producer but passes through various reservoirs, from the wholesaler to the retailer, changes merely the appearance and not the nature of the thing. From the point of view of society, a part of the capital retains in both instances the form of a commodity-supply until the commodities enter productive or individual consumption. The producer tries to keep a stock corresponding to his average demand in order not to depend directly on production and to ensure for himself a steady clientele. Purchase periods corresponding to the periods of production are formed and the commodities constitute supplies for longer or shorter time, until they can be replaced by new commodities of the same kind. Constancy and continuity of the process of circulation, and therefore of the process of reproduction, which includes the process of circulation, are safeguarded only by the formation of such supplies. It must be remembered that C'---M' may have been transacted for the producer of C, even if C is still in the market. If the producer were to keep his own commodities in stock until they are sold to the ultimate consumer, he would have to set two capitals in motion, one as the producer of the commodities and one as a merchant. As far as the commodity itself is concerned, whether we look upon it as an individual commodity or as a component part of social capital, it is immaterial whether the costs of forming the supply must be borne by its producer or by a series of merchants from A to Z.

Since the commodity-supply is nothing but the commodity-form of the product which at a particular level of social production would exist either as a productive supply (latent production fund) or as a consumption-fund (reserve of means of consumption) if it did not exist as a commodity-supply, the expenses required for its preservation, that is, the costs of supply formation -- i.e., materialised or living labour spent for this purpose -- are merely expenses incurred for maintaining either the social fund for production or the social fund for consumption. The increase in the value of commodities caused by them distributes these costs simply pro rata over the different commodities, since the costs differ with different kinds of commodities. And the costs of supply formation are as much as ever deductions from the social wealth, although they constitute one of the conditions of its existence.

Only to the extent that the commodity-supply is a premise of commodity circulation and is itself a form necessarily arising in commodity circulation, only in so far as this apparent stagnation is therefore a form of the movement itself, just as the formation of a money-reserve is a premise of money circulation -- only to that extent is such stagnation normal. But as soon as the commodities lying in the reservoirs of circulation do not make room for the swiftly succeeding wave of production, so that the reservoirs become over-stocked, the commodity-supply expands in consequence of the stagnation in circulation just as the hoards increase when money-circulation is clogged.

It does not make any difference whether this jam occurs in the warehouses of the industrial capitalist or in the storerooms of the merchant. The commodity-supply is in that case not a prerequisite of uninterrupted sale, but a consequence of the impossibility of selling the goods. The costs are the same, but since they now arise purely out of the form, that is to say, out of the necessity of transforming the commodities into money and out of the difficulty of going through this metamorphosis, they do not enter into the values of the commodities but constitute deductions, losses of value in the realisation of the value. Since the normal and abnormal forms of the supply do not differ in form and both clog circulation, these phenomena may be confused and deceive the agent of production himself so much the more since for the producer the process of circulation of his capital may continue while that of his commodities which have changed hands and now belong to merchants may be arrested. If production and consumption swell, other things being equal, then the commodity-supply swells likewise.

It is renewed and absorbed just as fast, but its size is greater. Hence the bulging size of the commodity-supply, for which stagnant circulation is responsible, may be mistaken for a symptom of the expansion of the process of reproduction, especially when the development of the credit-system makes it possible to wrap the real movement in mystery.

The costs of supply formation consist: 1) of a quantitative diminution of the mass of the products (for instance in the case of a flour supply;2) of a deterioration of quality; 3) of the materialised and living labour required for the preservation of the supply.

III. COSTS OF TRANSPORTATION

同类推荐
  • 小问

    小问

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 大六壬心镜

    大六壬心镜

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 泰泉集

    泰泉集

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 筠廊偶笔

    筠廊偶笔

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 善慧大士语录

    善慧大士语录

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
热门推荐
  • 微信里的长恨歌

    微信里的长恨歌

    缘不会无故而来,是因为相惜,份不会永远无情,而贵在呵护
  • 十字谋杀

    十字谋杀

    漫漫长路向着罪恶的深渊悲悯的亡魂,忏悔的夜歌十年,走不到的尽头有人遗忘有人执着有人参与但却无人知晓——岁月是神偷,亦是死神。
  • 混沌归元剑

    混沌归元剑

    今生,我方晨愿以人族之身!入你化魔池,受仙族洗礼,噬兽族之血。只为让你三族,再无出头之日!
  • 聪明人故事

    聪明人故事

    无数事实、经验和理性已经证明:好故事可以影响人的一生。而以我们之见,所谓好故事,在内容上讲述的应是做人与处世的道理,在形式上也应听得进、记得住、讲得出、传得开,而且不会因时代的变迁而失去她的本质特征和艺术光彩。为了让更多的读者走进好故事,阅读好故事,欣赏好故事,珍藏好故事,传播好故事,我们特编选了一套“故事会5元精品系列”以飨之。其选择标准主要有以下三点:一、在《故事会》杂志上发表的作品。二、有过目不忘的艺术感染力。三、有恒久的趣味,对今天的读者仍有启迪作用。愿好故事伴随你的一生!
  • 追妻无门:女boss不好惹

    追妻无门:女boss不好惹

    青涩蜕变,如今她是能独当一面的女boss,爱了冷泽聿七年,也同样花了七年时间去忘记他。以为是陌路,他突然向他表白,扬言要娶她,她只当他是脑子抽风,他的殷勤她也全都无视。他帮她查她父母的死因,赶走身边情敌,解释当初拒绝她的告别,和故意对她冷漠都是无奈之举。突然爆出她父母的死居然和冷家有丝毫联系,还莫名跳出个公爵未婚夫,扬言要与她履行婚约。峰回路转,破镜还能重圆吗? PS:我又开新文了,每逢假期必书荒,新文《有你的世界遇到爱》,喜欢我的文的朋友可以来看看,这是重生类现言,对这个题材感兴趣的一定要收藏起来。
  • 木叶之贼手

    木叶之贼手

    毫无瑕疵的手掌按入虚无当中,诡异地隐没半截,却又不似断臂,肩膀晃动着,仿佛是掏了掏,最终抓住了什么,于是抽手而出。在五指的掌握里,橙黄水晶般的黄色珠子内,闪耀着四颗亮晶晶的星星。松崎夏树眨眨眼睛,期待之色逐渐消失于脸上,切了一声,随手抛开这颗来自《七龙珠》位面的特产,忍不住摇头叹气。“唉!又要等大概一个月后了吧!”……
  • 病娇太子能有什么坏心思

    病娇太子能有什么坏心思

    穿成炮灰后,唐小白随手揪出原文女主死于非命的亲弟弟,二话不说就是宠!虽然这位小祖宗又茶又莲,还各种别扭,但自己养的竹马,跪着也要宠下去!直到有一天,大反派宣布抓到了原文女主的弟弟——唐小白看了看身边寸步不离的少年……所以这么多年,她宠的是个什么神仙?-------------------太子李穆自幼命途多舛,突然有一天遇到个小姑娘,莫名其妙开始了被无脑宠的日子。直到有一天,小姑娘看着另一名同样命途多舛的少年,嘴里喃喃念着:难道这些年的宠爱,终究是错付了?李穆:???她是不是要渣了孤?-------------------青梅竹马&双向宠爱,又名《我养的竹马是朵盛世白莲》、《皇太子他茶艺满级》。
  • 最强恶魔妖孽系统

    最强恶魔妖孽系统

    小兜最新力作【我体内有个无敌恶魔系统】,请移步收藏阅读支持!【找不到书或有问题的加群:192925455】一朝穿越,众神膜拜!少年得恶魔妖孽系统,穿越诸天万界,励志成为最强主宰。“叮,恭喜宿主,收集七颗龙珠完毕,神龙召唤成功,请说出你的愿望!”“叮,恭喜宿主,成功修习通灵术,可通灵蛤蟆、万蛇、罗生门!”“叮,恭喜宿主,获得恶魔果树一颗,里面包含震震果实、闪闪果实、轰雷果实、暗暗果实!”
  • 追妻无门:女boss不好惹

    追妻无门:女boss不好惹

    青涩蜕变,如今她是能独当一面的女boss,爱了冷泽聿七年,也同样花了七年时间去忘记他。以为是陌路,他突然向他表白,扬言要娶她,她只当他是脑子抽风,他的殷勤她也全都无视。他帮她查她父母的死因,赶走身边情敌,解释当初拒绝她的告别,和故意对她冷漠都是无奈之举。突然爆出她父母的死居然和冷家有丝毫联系,还莫名跳出个公爵未婚夫,扬言要与她履行婚约。峰回路转,破镜还能重圆吗? PS:我又开新文了,每逢假期必书荒,新文《有你的世界遇到爱》,喜欢我的文的朋友可以来看看,这是重生类现言,对这个题材感兴趣的一定要收藏起来。
  • 超级分解系统

    超级分解系统

    我有系统,万物皆可分解!神器?分解了,看我打造出一个更好的!技能?分解了,看我自创武学!丹药?分解了,倒买倒卖,成为世界第一首富!嘿嘿,就是不知道妹子能不能分解,融合出一个绝世美女……要不试试?