affection,attachment,love
名词。这几个词的共同含义是爱。affection主要指年长者对年幼者的慈爱。如:In general,every mother has affection for her children.(一般说来,母亲都疼爱自己的孩子。)attachment可以指表面上虽不强烈却很有深度的依恋。如:I have a strong attachment to every tree and bush in my native place.(我对故乡的一草一木都怀有深厚的感情。)love指喜爱、情爱,较其余两个词分量更重些。如:John fell in love with a French girl.(约翰爱上了一个法国女郎。)He has a great love for knowledge and truth.(他热爱知识和真理。)
affirm,assert
动词。这两个词的共同含义是断言。affirm指根据事实断言。如:The spokesman affirmed the truth of the report.(发言人确认了这则报道的真实性。)assert指根据自己的看法或判断断言,主观成分较重。如:The accused asserted his innocence.(被告自称无罪。)
affliction,distress,misery,suffering
名词。这几个词的共同含义是痛苦。affliction指一段时间肉体上或精神上的痛苦。如:The mother is in her great affliction over the loss of her son.(这位母亲因丧子而悲痛万分。)distress指持续一些时候但可能缓解的痛苦。如:His delinquency was a distress to his parents.(他的失职使他的父母伤心。)misery指非常艰苦的物质环境导致的长期痛苦。如:The family lived in misery for twenty years before liberation.(解放前这家人过了20年的悲惨生活。)suffering指持续的痛苦。如:The couple underwent much suffering before the founding of New China.(新中国成立以前这对夫妇遭受了许多苦难。)
aggression,invasion
名词。这两个词的共同含义是侵略。aggression指广义的侵略,如armed aggression(武装侵略),economic aggression(经济侵略),cultural aggression(文化侵略)等。invasion特指以武装部队侵入别国。如:Those forces launched an invasion of a neighbouring country's territory.(那些部队对邻国发动了入侵。)
ago,before
副词。这两个词的共同含义是“以前”。ago只用作副词,指从现在起若干时间以前,用于过去时,一般不能用于完成时,但句中如有助动词则可用于完成时。如:The Opium War occurred more than a century ago.(鸦片战争发生在一个多世纪以前。)This would have been a couple of months ago.(这可能是几个月以前的事了。)before也可用作介词和连接词。作为副词,它一般指从过去某时起若干时间以前,用于过去完成时;也可泛指“从前”,在这种情况下,则可用于过去时或现在完成时。如:We had met on the Friday before.(在这个星期五以前我们已见过面。)You were never late before.(你以前从不迟到的。)Haven't I seen you before?(我不是早就见过你了吗?)
agreement,compact,contract,covenant
名词。这几个词都指双方或多方达成的妥协或谅解。agreement指正式的或非正式的一般协议。如:All parties concerned came to an agreement for exchange of information.(有关各方达成了关于交换情报的协议。)By a tacit agreement,his new wife avoided any mention of his former wife.(根据默契,他的新婚妻子避免提他的前妻。)compact可以是书面协定,也可以不具有书面形式,保证其实现的是有关各方的互相信任。如:These nations made a compact to regulate fariffs.(这几个国家相约调整关税。)contract指具有法律约束力的书面合同。covenant指庄严的契约,往往使缔约者承担某种义务,特别是不采取某种行动的义务。如:The film was sold on a covenant stipulating that it should not be included in any television programme.(这部影片是根据一项契约出售的,不得在任何电视节目中播放。)
aid,assistance,help,relief,service,support
名词。这几个词的共同含义是帮助。aid意为“援助”,主要用于合成词中,如first aid(急救),hearing aid(助听器)等。assistance一般指协助性的支援。如:A surgeon's success also depends on the assistance of the nurses.(外科医生的成功也靠护士的帮助。)help是最常用的词,而且常指比较郑重的援助或救助,含有慷慨助人之意。如:With the help of UNO,that country built a new research centre.(在联合国组织的援助下,那个国家建成了一个新的研究中心。)relief指援救。如:Relief finally came when we had persevered for two weeks.(我们坚持了两星期之后,终于得救。)service指普通的帮助。如:She did me a service by typing the manu for me.(她帮我把手稿打了出来。)support主要指物质上和精神上对好人好事的支持。如:For this experiment they derived financial support from the government.(他们这一实验得到政府的资助。)A just cause enjoys abundant support.(得道多助。)
ailment,complaint,disease,disorder,illness,infirmity,malady,sickness
名词。这几个词指不同程度的病痛。ailment指较轻微的病痛,是文雅的词。complaint意为“身体不适”。如:What's your complaint?(您有什么不舒服?)disease是科学用词,指各种病症,口语中常用来指重症、不好治的病、疑难病等。disorder指身心、机能的失调,如nervous disorder(神经错乱),disorders of the bowels(肚子疼)。
illness是通俗的词,可指大病、小病,也可指慢性病或急性病。infirmity指身心虚弱。malady作“疾病”解时是旧用法,现也指制度或机构的弊病,如a social malady(社会上的歪风)。sickness与illness相同,但多指一时的病痛或外因引起的急性病,有时专指呕吐。如:He felt a wave of sickness coming over him.(他感到一阵恶心。)
aim,end,goal,object,objective,purpose
名词。这几个词的共同含义之一是目的。aim既可指长远的目的,也可指较小而近的目标。如:The ultimate aim of the party is the realization of communism.(党的最终目的是实现共产主义。)She went to Chicago with the aim of contacting some publishers there.(她到芝加哥去,目的是联系当地的一些出版社。)end是比较文雅的词,常与means并用,如means and ends(手段和目的),a means to an end(达到目的的手段)。goal指经过深思熟虑之后确定并经过艰苦努力才能达到的目的,而这个目的是本人自己选定的。如:The purpose of the system is to let each student realize his own educational goal.(这种制度的目的在于使每个学生实现自己的培养目标。)goal有时也指比较空泛的目的。如:He asked himself what his goal in life should be.(他问他自己人生的目的应当是什么。)object和objective比以上诸词都更为郑重文雅,而且往往指客观事物的目的而不是某一个人的目的。相对地说,object多指比较远大的目的,objective则往往指具体的目标。purpose既指为了达到预期的目的而抱定的坚决意志,也指预期的目的本身。如:She toured China for the purpose of acquiring a better knowledge of her civilization.(她游历中国,是为了更好地了解中国文化。)
air,atmosphere,gas
名词。这几个词的共同含义之一是气体。air指空气。如:Air is the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth.(空气是包围地球的气体混合物。)atmosphere指大气或气氛。gas泛指气体,又特指供燃烧取暖、照明或烹调的煤气,也可指毒气。
alien,foreigner,immigrant,outsider,stranger
名词。这几个词的共同含义是外人。alien指居住在某国但并非该国公民的外国人。foreigner指外国人或外族人。immigrant指从外国移入的移民,但人们如对这种人的语言和风俗习惯看不顺眼,还会称之为foreigner的。outsider指局外人或外人。stranger指陌生人或外地人。
alive,live,living
形容词。这几个词的共同含义是“活的”。alive指“还活着的”,常用作表语或置于所修饰的名词之后。如:The mortally wounded man was unconcious but still alive.(那个受了致命伤的人处于昏迷状态,但还活着。)He is one of the greatest poets alive.(他是还在世的最伟大的诗人之一。)live常指“活着而且生气勃勃的”,常用作定语,如a live young man(生气勃勃的小伙子)。living的含义同alive,常用作定语,且可用于比喻,如living fish(活鱼),a living language(活语言)等。
allegiance,loyalty
名词。这两个词的共同含义是忠诚。allegiance特指对领导人或某一政权的忠诚,侧重于组织上的归属。如:He pledged his allegiance to his government.(他保证忠于自己的政府。)loyalty着重指在思想感情方面的忠诚。如:He did this out of loyalty to his wife.(他这样做是出于对他妻子的忠诚。)